…normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk…

…of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA…

…repolarization in ECG (A) is characterized by upward concavity of the ST segment and positive T waves. In ECG (B) they state something similar. Unfortunately…

…and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor…

Adapted from AHA, ACC and ESC guidelines.

…from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA). The formula takes into account the following variables…

…at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…wide complex tachycardia (WCT) . This initial distinction will guide the rest of the thinking needed to arrive at a final diagnosis. Narrow (normal) QRS complexes…

…AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which is due to the low sensitivity of the…

…probability of myocardial ischemia as the underlying cause. Holter ECG may be valuable if the diagnosis is uncertain. Echocardiography is generally performed in order to…

Cardiology Diagnosis and treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should…

…into the following categories: Bradyarrhythmia s (bradycardia): arrhythmias commonly due to dysfunctional automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system…

…NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus of this chapter is the diagnosis and management of patients with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction STEMI (ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction): Epidemiology, Diagnosis (ECG), Criteria & Management Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is the most…

…accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment elevations in II, aVF and III. Figure 1…

…nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that…

…The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial…

…mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure…

…with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the appropriate clinical context. Unstable Angina presents with clinical and/or…

…e., lead aVR with reversed polarity), II, aVF, and III. Note that lead –aVR exists at 30° in the frontal plane, according to Figure 2 …

…chain of survival, the first task is to recognize cardiac arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are…