…normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk…

…of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA…

…repolarization in ECG (A) is characterized by upward concavity of the ST segment and positive T waves. In ECG (B) they state something similar. Unfortunately…

…and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor…

Adapted from AHA, ACC and ESC guidelines.

…from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA). The formula takes into account the following variables…

…at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…wide complex tachycardia (WCT) . This initial distinction will guide the rest of the thinking needed to arrive at a final diagnosis. Narrow (normal) QRS complexes…

…AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which is due to the low sensitivity of the…

…Cardiology Board Exam with our comprehensive quiz, designed based on the most recent AHA, ACC, and ESC guidelines. The questions are primarily theoretical and are…