…normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk…

…of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA…

…going to AHA/ACC/ESC websites, you can make yourself a textbook by downloading all their guidelines. Nevertheless, I recently read Recommendations for interpretation of…

…and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor…

Adapted from AHA, ACC and ESC guidelines.

…based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated risk prediction model developed I relatively large patient cohorts. It incorporates key clinical and echocardiographic parameters…

…at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or…

…appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load. Symptoms are exacerbated by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial…

…wide complex tachycardia (WCT) . This initial distinction will guide the rest of the thinking needed to arrive at a final diagnosis. Narrow (normal) QRS complexes…

…AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which is due to the low sensitivity of the…

…Cardiology Board Exam with our comprehensive quiz, designed based on the most recent AHA, ACC, and ESC guidelines. The questions are primarily theoretical and are…