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Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…patients with diabetes and combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…to water by gravity according to the manufacturers' standard measurements. Blood and colloids flow more slowly, and every additional length of tubing, every tap and…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…LDL receptor. They lower LDL C by approximately 50–60%, including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those unable to tolerate statins, provided…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…according to the statin, dose, and individual response. In general, statins reduce LDL C by approximately 30–55%; doubling the dose produces an additional reduction…

Physical Activity Prescription for Cardiovascular Prevention

…while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none, and benefit is observed below the conventional…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…presentations Left main disease may be clinically silent, and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left…

Colchicine and Anti-inflammatory Therapy in Coronary Disease

…interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 signalling, lower C reactive protein, and impair neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect…

Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS)

…needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or…

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