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Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…and colloids flow more slowly, and every additional length of tubing, every tap and every filter reduces the flow further — it is the whole system…

Inpatient insulin therapy: quick reference

…it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision on a ward…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…degradation to inosine, phosphorylation to AMP, and reuptake into cells through a nucleoside transport system. Because of these highly efficient elimination pathways, adenosine has an…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…fatty acid synthesis and may affect epigenetic regulation through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose…

Torsades de Pointes: Definition, Characteristics, and Management

…exist to stabilize the cardiac rhythm [4]: Antiarrhythmic Agents : Intravenous amiodarone and lidocaine can be administered. Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these…

Color Doppler

…In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the continuous Doppler. Figure 2. Color Doppler reveals the direction and extent of aortic valve regurgitation…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosis

…opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute endocarditis is often caused by staphylococcus auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction…

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