…of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of…

…the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea…

…nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of…

…in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading…

…suggest aortic dissection CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify…

…is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the…

…saccular aneurysm. Symptomatic isolated lesions may represent early periulcer haemorrhage or developing IMH and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion. The principal pathophysiological determinant of early adverse outcome is acute RV failure. In acute PE, obstruction of…

…Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left…

…of oral morphine per day, and 25 micrograms/hour to approximately 40–50 mg of oral morphine per day. Patches have no place in acute…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…a classification of acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarctions. The reader should study this chart carefully. Figure 1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary…

…Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms…

…Hypotension can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g…

…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

…such as in hyperkalemia, early repolarization or even early phases of ischemia). To conclude, concave ST segment elevation is atypical of ischemia, but they do…

…rate of treatment are determined by the affected organ function, not by the blood pressure figure alone [2]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute…

…V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2…

…haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with…

…combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is modified by several factors. The most important of these, and their implications, are as follows: The size of the…

…depressions, T wave changes) are typically concealed in the setting of LBBB. A patient with acute STEMI may therefore display a normal LBBB pattern. LBBB…

…et al, Twerenbold et al) Kinetics Troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI) increase 2 3 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction. The…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…thorough discussion of the electrophysiological principles, ECG changes and clinical implications is provided. The reader should already be familiar with the classification of acute coronary…

…Figure 1. Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest…

…ventricular cavity. The location of acute myocardial infarction refers to the area of the left ventricle When specifying the location of myocardial infarction, reference is…

…and because of cost. Evidence in acute coronary syndromes and recent myocardial infarction COLCOT The COLCOT trial enrolled 4745 patients within 30 days of myocardial…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

…However, exercise stress testing must not be performed within 4 to 6 days after acute myocardial infarction. Moreover, early exercise tests should not be maximal…

…infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus of this chapter is…

…Occurrence of upsloping ST segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD…

…Diagnosing acute STEMI The diagnosis is straightforward using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the…

…Angina occurring after a recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms…

…is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes (STEMI…

…sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension…

…ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management, or arise during the course of treatment. Even…

…vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

…myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic…

…early clinical priorities include: Recognition of symptoms suggestive of myocardial infarction. Rapid acquisition and interpretation of a 12 lead ECG. Assessment for haemodynamic instability, acute…

…of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…are not overfilled in acute volume loads. Pericardial Effusion: fluid in the pericardial space Normally, the pericardial sac contains 25 to 50 ml of liquid…

…any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute…