…interneurons in the pretectal area activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict…

…altering lipid concentrations, blood pressure or other conventional risk factors. Colchicine is an established anti inflammatory drug that may inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1…

…structural heart disease). AVNRT, AVRT (WPW syndrome) and other conditions involving an accessory pathway. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy…

…VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include all bradyarrhythmias, pulse less electrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Bradyarrhythmias are discussed in the chapter Management…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words…

…from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at…