…unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support above the expiratory pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls…

…mm) to 100 ms. Intervals and durations QTc — decision thresholds At a QTc above 500 ms: stop QT prolonging drugs, correct the potassium to 4…

…not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia. Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower…

…single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120 mmHg can occur without acute organ damage. Conversely…

…not met with statins alone. PCSK9 Inhibitors: Added in cases where LDL C remains above the goal despite statin and ezetimibe therapy. Goal: Achieve LDL…

…cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated…

…1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is…

…Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is a biochemical diagnosis defined by at least one cardiac troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit…

…V2–V3. The amplitude diminishes with increasing age. As noted above, the transition from the ST segment to the T wave should be smooth. The…

…of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly with age. Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among…