…peak plasma concentrations of that drug. The QT interval should be adjusted for heart rate. Long QT interval causes long QT syndrome An abnormally prolonged…

…abnormality in an ischaemic pattern. Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, except in type 2 and type 3 MI. A diagnosis of…

…cardiac abnormality Evidence such as increased left atrial size, left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural…

…hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested that the term atrial abnormality be used instead of enlargement. Atrial enlargement/abnormality often accompanies ventricular enlargement…

…suggests advanced fibrosis Work up of unexplained raised liver tests Repeat the tests first — a transient rise is common. If the abnormality persists: hepatitis serology…

…amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible…

…burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality in…

…to the angiographic appearance of the treated epicardial artery, because the defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…

…pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a palpable abnormality does not exclude AAA. Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be…

…information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology…

…for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin T is more complex because injured skeletal muscle may express proteins detected by some troponin T assays. Troponin can…

…autosomal dominant) cardiac syndrome. The underlying genetic abnormality is yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical…

…waves Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or a new regional wall motion abnormality in an ischemic distribution Angiographic evidence of a flow…

…inferior wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial infarction, which would have implications for the management of this patient, regardless of the ejection…

…block): definition, causes, diagnosis & management This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree…

…the activation proceeds abnormally. Normal value for fractional shortening (FS) Normal FS, M mode 25% Normal FS, 2D measurement 18% Advantages of fractional shortening If…

…or abnormally large ventricles. These conditions are referred to as atrial enlargement and ventricular enlargement . From a hemodynamic standpoint, there are two types of enlargement…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness…

…impulse discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of His)…