…with individuals without atrial fibrillation. The increased risk of stroke is explained by formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage . Such thrombi may leave…

…8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination…

…amyloidosis [8, 15]. AL Amyloidosis: This is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains…

…an in depth discussion on mechanisms are referred to Zipes et al . Main causes of cardiac arrhythmias Arrhythmias arise if the impulse formation is abnormal…

…the primary ECG finding is the ST segment depressions. In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the…

…vagal tone. In all other situations, sinus arrest/pause should be considered abnormal, and the following differential diagnoses are at hand: Sinus node dysfunction. Side…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

…cm 1.5–2.1 2.2–2.5 2.6–2.9 3.0 RV SIZE AND FUNCTION (MEASURED IN A4C) RV diastolic area…

…size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal ATRIAL DIMENSIONS LA diameter…

…with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp…