…blood gas in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The blood gas…

…the circumference, do not guess. Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the…

…and blood pressure are monitored. The test is generally symptom limited and is stopped when limiting symptoms, significant electrocardiographic changes, arrhythmias or an abnormal haemodynamic…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause of abnormal pulmonary regurgitation is…

…In acute PE, obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress…

…and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase…

…discussion. A premature ventricular complex is recognized on the ECG as an abnormal and wide QRS complex occurring earlier than expected in the cardiac cycle…

…an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably…

…coronary flow reserve (CFR), reduce microcirculatory conductance, or cause abnormal vasoconstriction of coronary arterioles. Structural and functional mechanisms may coexist. The formal diagnostic construct for…