…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…Various pharmaceutical agents, including epinephrine—administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin…

…to weigh the risk of terminating the medication as compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a…

…= Drug induced cardiotoxicity Trade Name Generic/Proper Name(s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic…

…of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery may, however, take several months. Table 1. Arrhythmias causing tachycardia induced…

…amplified in the presence of heart failure. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with acquired QT prolongation and drug induced TdP typically present with near syncope…

…research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents…

…presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac…

…Pregnancy induced hypertension. Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina Mechanism of action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular…

…other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced…

…multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable…

…Predominant causes of anaphylactic cardiac arrest include food allergies, insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical…

…2°C for medically induced hypothermia (Mroczek et al., Stephen et al.). Figure 1 illustrates the decline in cardiopulmonary function and consciousness with decreasing body temperature…

…tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of…

…Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific…

…heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial…

…Detecting exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive…

…MPI is used principally to: Diagnose and quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events…

…of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic vasculitis, extrinsic compression, myocardial bridging and radiation induced…

…tachycardia Discontinuation of digoxin is typically sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the…

…catheterization laboratory with suspicion of STEMI (STE ACS) have left bundle branch block. Masking of ischemia occurs because the ST T changes induced by a…

…artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic agents. Radiotracers…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg/min Max : 40 μg/kg/min + +++++ +++ 0 Potent inotrope with…

…summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with…

…remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease…

…Seitelberger R, Ross J Jr. Mechanism of beneficial ef fect of beta adrenergic blockade on exercise induced myocardial ischemia in conscious dogs. Circ Res. 1987…

…Hypertension with spontaneous or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

…including myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg/min Max : 40 μg/kg/min + +++++ +++ 0 Potent inotrope with…

…that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be confused with previous myocardial infarction). ECG examples of pre excitation (short PR interval…

…In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR is to induce myocardial…

…Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with inotropic and…

…® Mechanism of action • Induces arteriolar vasodilation. No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta…

…perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia…

…potential to induce cardiac arrest or cause profound cardiopulmonary depression. Table 1 delineates substances for which specific antidotes are available. The detrimental effects of these…

…Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation, increase in blood pressure, etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the…

…induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of…

…Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders. These include beta blockers…

…identify specific hemodynamic profiles: the presence of hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection…

…severity of electrolyte disturbances, particularly before laboratory results are available. Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. It is recommended that the automatic (machine) calculation of the corrected QT interval…

…through the bundle of His and therefore produce a normal QRS complex (provided that intraventricular conduction is normal). A premature atrial contraction induces a delay…

…a premature ventricular contraction. Classification of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is…

…the cost of increased toxicity risk. In routine clinical practice, amiodarone plasma levels are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates best with total cumulative…

…of myocardial ischemia result in cardiac arrest. In order for an infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other…

…pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function are not eligible. Effects of propafenone and flecainide…

…repeated cycles of transient ischemia induce the protective effect. Some studies (including randomized clinical trials) have suggested the benefit of ischemic preconditioning, while other studies…

…now accounting for over 50% of all incident heart failure cases globally [5] . Registry data, including the Get With The Guidelines Heart Failure (GWTG HF…