…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…may also induce conduction defects (e.g. AV block). Increased intracranial pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus…

…= Drug induced cardiotoxicity Trade Name Generic/Proper Name(s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic…

…Yokokawa et al). Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is presumably the main cause of left ventricular dysfunction among patients with atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Moreover…

…amplified in the presence of heart failure. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with acquired QT prolongation and drug induced TdP typically present with near syncope…

…peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with…

…presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac…

…the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors…

…Predominant causes of anaphylactic cardiac arrest include food allergies, insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical…

…hypothermia and 4.2°C for medically induced hypothermia (Mroczek et al., Stephen et al.). Figure 1 illustrates the decline in cardiopulmonary function and consciousness with…

…idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure…

…capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in stable angina. Exercise induced arrhythmia…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific…

…and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive…

…Detecting exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic vasculitis, extrinsic compression, myocardial bridging and radiation induced…

…is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Beta blockers, digoxin, and…

…that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on…

…artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic agents. Radiotracers…

…disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with…

…for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction is a continuous variable and echocardiographic measurement…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia The definition of ischemia may appear trivial but it is actually a very…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…treat patients with life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias and atrial fibrillation (AF). It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of a wide variety of supraventricular…

…potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients can have a mixed syndrome, with exertional angina and ST…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be confused with previous myocardial infarction). ECG examples of pre excitation (short PR interval…

…to induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime…

…High dose dopamine additionally induces α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction with a marked rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension …

…with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and…

…• Should not be given to pregnant women. • Should not be given to patients with Leber optic atrophy. Nitroprusside doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis…

…ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization, contingent upon renal elimination of the toxicant. This can be accompli

…activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells. Through the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi and Go…

…involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders…

…presence of hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure, urgent hospital admission and referral…

…AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor, and increased thrombin generation. The clinical consequence of…

…diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma …

…can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of…

…time taken to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT interval correlates strongly with the risk of potentially life threatening…

…through the bundle of His and therefore produce a normal QRS complex (provided that intraventricular conduction is normal). A premature atrial contraction induces a delay…

…The premature ventricular impulse replaces a sinus beat and induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR interval is increased after a premature…

…reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug…

…of myocardial ischemia result in cardiac arrest. In order for an infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other…

…pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function are not eligible. Effects of propafenone and flecainide…

…of the thrombus in the artery: a proximally located thrombus will cut off blood flow to more branches, and thus more myocardium, as compared with…

…with coronary microvascular dysfunction, though epicardial coronary artery disease frequently coexists as a bystander or secondary contributor [8] . Pathophysiology and mechanisms The pathophysiological paradigm of…