Indications for pacemaker
Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is important…
Archives: Chapters
Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings
Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount…
Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG
Interpreting pacemaker ECGs Assessing pacemaker function requires knowledge of the mode of pacing, and careful analysis of ECG tracings. Most modern devices are capable of…
Components and construction of a pacemaker
Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive…
Introduction to Cardiac Pacing and Devices: Pacemaker, ICD, CRT
The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s,…
Introduction to pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation
Principles of pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation Pediatric and neonatal ECG interpretation follow the same principles as ECG interpretation in adults, but there are important…
Pediatric aspects of ECG leads & anatomy
ECG leads and recording ECGs in pediatric patients (children) Principles of ECG leads, lead anatomy and electrical vectors have been discussed in the chapter The…
Reference values for pediatric and neonatal ECG
Neonatal period Table 1. Normal limits for ECG parameters during neonatal period (Davignon et al) These reference values are the best available for the neonatal…
Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG)
Definition of normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG interpretation…
Echocardiography in cardiomyopathies: an overview
Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart…
