The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs, beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers on rhythm, conduction and ECG waveforms Although the purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control…
Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay A nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay exists if the ECG displays a widened QRS appearance that is neither a left bundle branch block (LBBB) nor a…
Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of serous fluid which acts as a…
Pericarditis, myocarditis and perimyocarditis: ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double-walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great vessels…
The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has been recognized for almost 50 years, it is still…
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, apical ballooning syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has…
J-wave syndromes: early repolarization pattern, Brugada syndrome, hypercalcemia and hypothermia The J wave – also referred to as Osborn’s wave – is defined as a wave…
Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular…
Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is…
Principles of atrial and ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy and dilatation) Cardiac chamber enlargement refers to abnormally large atria or abnormally large ventricles. These conditions are referred…
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