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Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…In 2015, high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…in an autosomal dominant manner with variable penetrance and expressivity. Autosomal recessive, X linked recessive, and mitochondrial forms occur, albeit less frequently (McNally et al)…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and depth (y axis). The standard ultrasound transducer for 2D…

Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relationship: Preload, Afterload, Stroke Volume, Wall Stress & Frank-Starling's law

…pressure volume relationship can be described by a loop diagram with volume depicted on the x axis and left ventricular pressure on the y axis…

Pediatric aspects of ECG leads & anatomy

…adults, the x axis represents time (the paper speed is typically 25 mm/s or 50 mm/s) and the y axis represents amplitude (millivolts…

🟠 Calculate corrected QT interval (QTc interval)

…3 Framingham Heart Study QTc = QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60…

🟠 Mitral valve

…Regurgitation volume (ml/beat) < 30 30 59 59 Regurgitation volume = EROA x TVI Regurgitation fraction (%) < 30 30 49 49 Miscellaneous parameters Mild…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has a prominent x descent and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…the structures to be studied. The image will display all structures along that line over time (the x axis displays time). Since M mode only…

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