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Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

QT duration & corrected QT (QTc) duration: ECG features & implications

…electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence, the QT duration must…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave, and vice versa ( Figure 17 ). Otherwise there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and…

Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)

…length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as heart rate increases and vice versa. Thus…

Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes

…As the heart rate increases, the QT interval decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…Cardiac cells are highly capable of matching the supply and demand of ATP; increased cardiac workload results in increased ATP production and vice versa. Importantly…

The Continuity Equation (The Principle of Continuity)

…related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa . Figure 1. The principle of continuity (the…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…flow across the mitral valve. The duration of diastasis is inversely related to heart rate (diastasis is shorter at higher heart rates and vice versa ).

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…ranked according to their embolic potential. Conditions with high embolic potential entail a high risk of embolism and vice versa . Table 1 lists these conditions…

Coronary Artery Disease

…by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease…

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