…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

Cardiology Diagnosis and treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should…

…high probability of endocarditis, the sensitivity and specificity of the examination will increase, and vice versa. In case of suspicion of endocarditis, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE…

…electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence, the QT duration must…

…prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of…

…prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of…

…positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave, and vice versa ( Figure 17 ). Otherwise there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and…

…length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as heart rate increases and vice versa. Thus…

…As the heart rate increases, the QT interval decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles…

…Cardiac cells are highly capable of matching the supply and demand of ATP; increased cardiac workload results in increased ATP production and vice versa. Importantly…