…parameters. Blod flow velocities across the mitral valve and mitral annular plane velocity are standard assessments. Mitral flow velocities are measured using Pulsed Doppler. Tissue…

…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…ranked according to their embolic potential. Conditions with high embolic potential entail a high risk of embolism and vice versa . Table 1 lists these conditions…

…length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as heart rate increases and vice versa. Thus…

…As the heart rate increases, the QT interval decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa . Figure 1. The principle of continuity (the…

…or other situations with increased myocardial load. Symptoms are exacerbated by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…principle, however, remains unchanged: when the sound source and reflectors move towards each other, sound waves are compressed and vice versa . Erythrocytes reflect ultrasound waves…

…net positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave and vice versa (a net negative QRS complex is normally followed by a…

…high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1…

…of image quality. The ultrasound transducer is held at the tip, using the thumb and the forefinger, while remaining fingers stabilize the grip. The transducer…

…encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new medium, which may also…

…or other situations with increased myocardial load. Symptoms are exacerbated by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa…

…wave is related to the amplitude of the QRS complex (large QRS amplitudes yield large T wave amplitudes, and vice versa). Last but not least…

…the less steep the slope of the EDPVR curve, and vice versa . ESPVR (End Systolic Pressure Volume Relationship) shows how maximum pressure varies with volume…