…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…ranked according to their embolic potential. Conditions with high embolic potential entail a high risk of embolism and vice versa . Table 1 lists these conditions…

…length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as heart rate increases and vice versa. Thus…

…As the heart rate increases, the QT interval decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles…

…Cardiac cells are highly capable of matching the supply and demand of ATP; increased cardiac workload results in increased ATP production and vice versa. Importantly…

…related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa . Figure 1. The principle of continuity (the…

…by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease…

…weak. Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i.e. ECG changes may be pronounced without any arrhythmias occurring)…

…however, remains unchanged: when the sound source and reflectors move towards each other, sound waves are compressed and vice versa . Erythrocytes reflect ultrasound waves. Because…

…net positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave and vice versa (a net negative QRS complex is normally followed by a…

…high probability of endocarditis, the sensitivity and specificity of the examination will increase, and vice versa. In case of suspicion of endocarditis, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE…

…studying objects located near the transducer, and vice versa (i.e the frequency is reduced when studying distant objects). These concepts have been discussed in…

…sound waves, which corresponds to the height of the sine curve (Figure 2). High amplitude equals loud sound and vice versa . In Figure 2, two…

…by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease…

…wave is related to the amplitude of the QRS complex (large QRS amplitudes yield large T wave amplitudes, and vice versa). Last but not least…

…the less steep the slope of the EDPVR curve, and vice versa . ESPVR (End Systolic Pressure Volume Relationship) shows how maximum pressure varies with volume…