…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…V9). Criteria for ischemia/infarction have been established for these leads (please refer to ECG leads or Additional leads in acute myocardial infarction). Importance of…

…hip or thigh symptoms suggest aortoiliac disease. Calf symptoms are typical of femoropopliteal disease. More distal disease may cause foot symptoms, although lower extremity symptoms…

…HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting…

…cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than…

…2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee…

…female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…presented in the parenthesis). Values without confidence interval are simply the 98 th percentile (i.e the upper reference limit). Age <1 day 1–3…

…tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting…