…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…V9). Criteria for ischemia/infarction have been established for these leads (please refer to ECG leads or Additional leads in acute myocardial infarction). Importance of…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP…

…muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may be chronically elevated in patients with renal failure…

…2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee…

…female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…presented in the parenthesis). Values without confidence interval are simply the 98 th percentile (i.e the upper reference limit). Age <1 day 1–3…

…severe pain, often radiating to the back. Pericarditis may produce pleuritic or positional pain. Myocarditis and pericarditis can present with chest pain, ECG abnormalities, and…