…ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition…

…leads (please refer to ECG leads or Additional leads in acute myocardial infarction). Importance of performing ECG during ongoing chest pain It is of paramount…

…hip or thigh symptoms suggest aortoiliac disease. Calf symptoms are typical of femoropopliteal disease. More distal disease may cause foot symptoms, although lower extremity symptoms…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than…

…2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee…

…female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…presented in the parenthesis). Values without confidence interval are simply the 98 th percentile (i.e the upper reference limit). Age <1 day 1–3…

…upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents…