…resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth…

…infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The benefit of reperfusion is strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined by patient…

…of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory and limitation of infarct size. The extent…

…lead ECG within 10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood…

…suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows, indications and contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis, weight based tenecteplase dosing, blood pressure thresholds, monitoring, complications and when…

…degradation to inosine, phosphorylation to AMP, and reuptake into cells through a nucleoside transport system. Because of these highly efficient elimination pathways, adenosine has an…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor. SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts…

…a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the tissues back to the lungs where it is exhaled. The final partial pressure of carbon dioxide…

…have no known mechanism. Paradoxical embolism : Paradoxical embolism occurs when thromboembolic material is transported from the venous circulation to the arterial circulation, e.g via…