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Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…ventricles, valves, and proximal aorta can cause stroke, TIA (transient ischemic attack), coronary artery occlusion, and peripheral embolization. Stroke is the third leading cause of…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…anxiety, or distress have transient BP elevation that improves when the precipitating state resolves. The distinction is therefore not based on the BP value alone…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension…

Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) Angina: Provocation Testing and Treatment

…not experiencing ischaemia. A minority of patients have clinical evidence of systemic vasospasm, particularly migraine or Raynaud phenomenon. The history should define: Whether attacks occur…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or ischaemia. Ischaemia is commonly precipitated by…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…75 years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), or Thromboembolism history (2 points) V ascular Disease (1 point)…

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