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Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial rupture, often involving the tip or head of the muscle, more…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…As noted above, the transition from the ST segment to the T wave should be smooth. The T wave is normally slightly asymmetric since its…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…in the myocardium. The electrical potential difference exists between ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…occur in one patient. The typical depiction of sudden cardiac death as a gradual transition from sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia (VT), to ventricular fibrillation…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

…of BrS has been fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of electrophysiological studies (EPS), and the transition…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…However, the significance of the ST segment depression differs markedly in NSTE ACS and STE ACS. In NSTE ACS the ST segment depressions are the…

T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign

…The transition from ST segment to T wave should be smooth. The amplitude of the T wave is rarely 6 mm in the limb leads…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of preventive…

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