Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of regional contractile function Systolic ventricular function is one of the strongest predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. Previous chapters have discussed…

…of the QT interval (QT duration). The QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the…

…1961). A total of 500 cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease…

…clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block is always a pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality…

…end of the T wave. This interval represents the total time taken to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT…

…the diagnosis is based on HbA1c. Albumin affects the total calcium — use the ionised calcium or correct for albumin. Biotin supplements interfere with many immunoassays…

…treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total brain infarction is judged possible during ongoing ventilation (DBD)…

…and bicarbonate ≥ 15 mmol/L Hyperosmolality Not required Effective osmolality 300 mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm/kg Typical patient Often type 1 diabetes…

…of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia…

…the normal ECG, normal variants and diagnosis of pathological findings. A total of 8 lessons will guide you through all the waves, intervals, and durations…