…2%–24% of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease…

…fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low…

…and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia…

…primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies. Other causes include immobilization, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium…

…levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies…