…owing to changes in intra and extracellular electrolyte concentrations. Some electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening…

…and cost. The pathophysiological substrate of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction…

…CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization…

…bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin…

…atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute…