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Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion). The dynamic thrombotic component can vary in burden and may lead to distal coronary embolization, resulting in myocyte necrosis…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction: lack of oxygen or imbalance between supply/demand

…in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs…

Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction

…and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to…

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…aortic stenosis – due to risk of syncope, ischemia, and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…maintenance dose of 10 mg is not recommended due to higher exposure to the active metabolite and increased bleeding risk compared to patients weighing ≥ 60…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…which is driven by plaque rupture and thrombosis. The mechanisms leading to Type 2 MI are diverse and can be broadly categorised by whether they…

Tricuspid stenosis

…preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions lack long term safety and efficacy…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…by the fact that there is no (or very little) turnover of myocardial cells and therefore myocardial troponins should not be detected in the blood…

ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosis

…malignant arrhythmias, and rapid progression to cardiogenic shock. Ventricular fibrillation or asystole may occur early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA occlusion is typically…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does not itself…

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