…particularly after stent implantation. In both situations, DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it is usually replaced by single antiplatelet therapy…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

…backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for…

…right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment often requires urgent surgical or transcatheter intervention, with temporary…

…treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia is transcutaneous pacing. Pharmacological interventions (Table 4) should be considered temporary, often insufficient…

…in both types, may be regular, temporary, or intermittent. Second degree sinoatrial (SA) block type 1 (Wenckebach block) In type 1 second degree sinoatrial block…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) is myocardial necrosis temporally related to coronary revascularization. It may follow percutaneous coronary intervention…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

…or percutaneous coronary intervention. The preferred terminology is contrast associated AKI when temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller…

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

…Type IIIb: extends below the diaphragm. The temporal classification is also clinically relevant: Hyperacute: less than 24 hours from symptom onset. Acute: 1–14 days…

…hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2), and temporal onset. Distinguishing between acute and chronic hyponatremia, based on the rapidity of onset…

…time). Since M mode only analyzes a single ultrasound line, its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode…

…intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and ECG recordings confirming a bradyarrhythmia. Potentially reversible causes should…

…the electrical impulse travels through the His bundle, which bifurcates into the left and right bundle branches. The left bundle branch further subdivides into two…

…photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality…

…ECG, selective vascular imaging Traumatic or toxic syndrome Onset after trauma, a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity…

…developed over hours to days Fluctuating course Symptoms vary over the day and may appear temporarily to have resolved Inattention The patient loses the thread…

…Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions instead by temporarily withdrawing the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring in a setting where the airway can…

…or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5…

…compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific…

…ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated…

…factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion…

…Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral edema Rapid weight gain Increasing abdominal girth Early satiety Bendopnea Abdominal…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

…may recur when the statin is reintroduced. The temporal relationship is clinically informative: Symptoms develop after treatment initiation or dose escalation. They improve after discontinuation…

…it indicates a dismal prognosis. This threshold may trigger consideration for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during…

…circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated in earlier chapters (see The 3 Phase Model of Cardiac Arrest). Both chest compressions and defibrillation are…

…defect in the left ventricle is more significant, as compared with a defect affecting the right ventricle. This is due to the fact that the…

…Consequently, depolarization of the left ventricle is achieved by impulses spreading from the right ventricle. The electrical impulse will propagate through the left ventricle partially…

…Stroke Volume and Frank Starling's mechanism). Compensatory mechanisms may alleviate the condition temporarily, but the elevated left atrial pressure will rapidly propagate to the…

…enabling synchronization of left and right ventricular contraction. Rapid impulse conduction is crucial; slow spread of the impulse results in temporal dissociation of cellular activation…

…PLAX). Structures that are closest to the transducer are placed at the top of the image. RV = right ventricle. LV = left ventricle. LA…