…in the presence of substantial pre existing CKD, particularly when congestive heart failure or other causes of ischaemic AKI coexist. Risk assessment Patient related risk…

…temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2), and temporal onset. Distinguishing between acute and chronic hyponatremia, based on the rapidity of onset, is of paramount…

…its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring…

…cases with intermittent symptoms, it is important to establish a temporal correlation between symptoms and episodes of bradyarrhythmia on ECG recordings. Normal heart rate and…

…AV) blocks , subdivided according to the degree of block. First , second and third degree AV block may all be diagnosed using the ECG. First degree…

…temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality, as compared with SPECT. Quantification of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET perfusion imaging offers precise measurements of…

…Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in…

…a rapid assessment of the airway is paramount to evaluate for impending respiratory compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical…

…discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern…

…meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential…

…instability. Evaluation and physical examination The objective of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather than an isolated numerical change in weight. Assessment should integrate the history…

…reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to…

…Figure 1. Components of the ventricular conduction system and the temporal association between the ECG and impulse transmission through the heart. An intraventricular conduction delay…

…for rapid spread of the depolarization to the contractile cells. Figure 3 illustrates the components of the conduction system and its temporal relationship to the…

…enabling synchronization of left and right ventricular contraction. Rapid impulse conduction is crucial; slow spread of the impulse results in temporal dissociation of cellular activation…

…of the ultrasound image) line density diminishes with increasing distance from the transducer. Figure 2. The phased array transducer creates a sector shaped ultrasound field…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) is myocardial necrosis temporally related to coronary revascularization. It may follow percutaneous coronary intervention…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis…

…The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two…

…symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent pacing may be required. However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated clear benefit. Long term…

…principal advantage is tissue penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful…

…transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of STEMI The usual symptom is severe, prolonged…

…The only treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia is transcutaneous pacing. Pharmacological interventions (Table 4) should be considered temporary…

…a second degree sinoatrial block may be diagnosed using conventional ECG. Causes of sinoatrial (SA) block The following conditions cause sinoatrial block: Sinus node dysfunction…