Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…abnormality is heart failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in which the heart cannot…

…Calculate Score CHA2DS2 VASc Score Result function calculateScore() { var score = 0; if (document.getElementById('congestiveHeartFailure').checked) { score += 1; } if (document.getElementById('hypertension').checked) {…

…rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac…

…10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is…

…irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening pulmonary congestion Reduced exercise capacity Symptoms or signs of heart failure Haemodynamic instability Myocardial ischaemic symptoms or electrocardiographic…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…Obesity and heart failure Obesity increases the risk of HF and is common among patients with established HF, particularly HFpEF. Assessment of congestion may be…

…aortic dissection Myocardial free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients…