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Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result. 1. Assess and stabilise the airway, breathing and circulation…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…further assessment. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation is heterogeneous. AF may be well tolerated, particularly when the ventricular response is not excessive, or…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction …

Cardiac amyloidosis

…prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…result does not exclude delirium, however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night…

ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder)

…clinical significance) Rare ECG changes AV block. Sinus bradycardia. Sinoatrial (SA) block. Ventricular fibrillation. 3. Potassium Potassium plays a key role in both depolarization and…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood flow and cause symptoms…

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