…Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia…

…action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting…

…indicated if the patient remains significantly decompensated, because recurrence is frequent while the precipitating haemodynamic and sympathetic abnormalities persist. Immediate cardioversion is reserved primarily for…

…Reduction in plasma volume, preload and afterload Lower left ventricular wall stress Reduced sympathetic nervous system activity Improvement in cardiac metabolic efficiency, including increased oxygen…

…approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive [4]. Rhythm Stabilization In addition to defibrillation , several pharmacological and interventional alternatives…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

…the first system to react to exercise. It does so by withdrawing parasympathetic activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed…

…tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease…

…activity. When the alcohol level suddenly falls, the compensatory excitation remains, producing tremor, sympathetic activation, hallucinations, seizures and delirium [1,6]. Repeated withdrawal episodes can…

…Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation: sweating tremor palpitations hunger anxiety pallor paraesthesiae Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose…

…acidosis, hypertension and tachycardia are common during a generalised seizure. In prolonged status the initial sympathetic response can give way to hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia and…

…Long term efficacy data remain limited, and the possibility that chronic If channel blockade could increase sympathetic activity, with adverse remodelling or pro arrhythmic c

…disorders (calcium, potassium), tachycardia, increased sympathetic tone, drug side effects etc. Secondary ST T changes occur when abnormal depolarization causes abnormal repolarization . This is se

…degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e.g. myocardial remodeling in heart failure or after myocardial…

…the ventricles. First degree AV block is rarely serious and may be left untreated in the vast majority of cases (exceptions are discussed later). Second…

…intraluminal pressure. Coronary blood flow is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic…