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ECG parameters

…speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…to care, clinical assessment and treatment. These influences are particularly important because women have historically been perceived as being at lower cardiovascular risk, including after…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…with reduced left ventricular function (e.g. defined as ejection fraction <40 %) are at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (IVT) Ventricular…

Assessing left ventricular systolic function

…and is thus a measure of systolic function. Strain and strain rate Myocardium deforms during systole and diastole. The deformation is due to contraction and…

Right ventricular strain: definition, causes, echocardiography

…Right ventricular strain When assessing the right half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing…

Strain, strain rate and speckle tracking: Myocardial deformation

…Figure 1A 2C. The orientation of myocardial muscle fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a persisting risk factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation Comment : : Pregnancy Leg…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion…

Congenital heart disease & GUCH (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease)

…connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction, fractional shortening, stroke volume, and myocardial thickness. Strain…

ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications

…right sided chest leads and deeper S waves in left sided leads. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) The most common causes of left ventricular hypertrophy are…

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