…refers to the sequence of activation of the ventricular myocardium. The ventricles should be depolarized (activated) by impulses spreading through the left and right bundle…

…of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and increased physical activity can improve metabolic control and exercise capacity, even when cardiovascular event reduction is not…

…blood gas should be considered. Do not wait for the blood gas result before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk…

…regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material…

…more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction…

…dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased cardiovascular burden is particularly important because it may occur at a younger age, may not be fully…

…decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using validated clinical tests Ability to perform activities of daily…