…measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can…

…at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying…

…regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse…

…and turbulent hemodynamic shear stress. This dysfunction compromises the endothelial barrier, upregulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1) and intercellular adhesion…

…diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation DES…

…are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking must be systematic and accurate…

…The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction…

…the ratio of stress myocardial blood flow to resting myocardial blood flow. It provides an integrated measure influenced by epicardial stenosis, diffuse atherosclerosis, and coronary…

…ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both…