…some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical…

…stenosis after mitral valve surgery Myxoma obstructing outflow from the left atrium Atrial thrombus obstructing atrial outflow Endocarditis Hemodynamic consequences of mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis…

…40 mm Hg in older and obese patients. References Baumgartner et al : Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice (2009. JASE).

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…left sided leads. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) The most common causes of left ventricular hypertrophy are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and coarctation of…

…the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume becomes smaller. Reduced stroke volumes and increased resistance in the valve result in compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy…

…tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic stenosis with calcification…

…contraction. The direction of the depolarization (and thus the electrical axis) is generally alongside the heart's longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure…

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

…will be enhanced. Enlargement of the left and right atria causes typical P wave changes in lead II and lead V1 (Figure 1, second and…