…sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5 year ipsilateral stroke risk is 14…

…some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical…

…largely independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time, patient discomfort); falsely normal in microvascular dysfunction (diabetes, LVH, aortic stenosis…

…40 mm Hg in older and obese patients. References Baumgartner et al : Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice (2009. JASE).

…significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic…

…resistance increases, making it more difficult to eject blood into the aorta. In the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume becomes smaller. Reduced stroke…

…activity, mitral stenosis may become symptomatic already at 2.5 cm 2 . A normal mitral valve has an area of 4 to 6 cm 2 …

…mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis…

…stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of…

…valves. Importantly, in the setting of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 )…