…of care. The clinical state, the circulation, comorbidity and the precipitating cause carry at least as much weight as the laboratory values [1]. Grade Blood…

Cardiology Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and structure Lipoprotein(a), abbreviated Lp(a), is an LDL like circulating lipoprotein particle. It contains one molecule of…

…Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace, clinical assessment. The result should be integrated with the history, examination, ECG, echocardiography, and other relevant investigations. Clinical Presentation…

…not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia. Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower…

…10 minutes) at first medical contact. I B ECG monitoring should start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7…

…coronary care unit (CCU), or catheterization laboratory. A 12 lead ECG must be obtained immediately after ROSC in order to identify cases with ST segment…

…A capillary glucose is sufficient to start emergency treatment, but abnormal or unexpected values should be confirmed with a laboratory analysed plasma glucose when the…

…t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary pauses [1]. The aims are…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal…