Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible…

…blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon…

…smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The…

…present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much later. Despite this prolonged course, its major complications—including myocardial…

…and increase functional capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and…

…smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild…

…smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary…

…linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are…

…to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity…

…and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose…