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Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…proteins released from skeletal muscle. Consequently, skeletal muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may be…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…Skeletal muscle and nerves generally tolerate ischaemia for approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference and the waist to…

Physical Activity Prescription for Cardiovascular Prevention

…depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a…

Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The oxygen consumption – and thus oxygen demand – increases in parallel with…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin T is more complex because injured skeletal…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac cells display a branch like morphology. As illustrated in Figure 2 all cardiac cells are connected, both electrically and mechanically…

Artifacts in ultrasound imaging

…less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very high echogenicity (e.g skeleton, calcifications, mechanical heart valves) and reflect…

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