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Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1. This activating enzyme is not expressed in skeletal muscle, a pharmacological feature that may limit muscle related…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…level risk estimation, but it does not characterize body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot…

Physical Activity Prescription for Cardiovascular Prevention

…cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes…

Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin T is more complex because injured skeletal muscle may express proteins detected by some troponin T assays. Troponin can…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…actual contraction but are also capable of transmitting the action potential, albeit at a much lower speed than the conduction cells. The terms contractile myocardium …

Artifacts in ultrasound imaging

…Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very high echogenicity (e.g skeleton, calcifications…

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