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Echocardiography in cardiomyopathies: an overview

…heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) — This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by pronounced hypertrophy of the myocardium. It…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia…

🟠 Enalaprilat

…Initial dose: 1.25 mg iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every six hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…an hour of arterial occlusion. The classic clinical constellation is remembered as the “six Ps”: Pain Paresthesia Pallor Pulselessness Poikilothermia, or coldness Paralysis Pain is…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…of myocardial infarction, stroke, end stage renal disease, and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent, and pseudo resistant…

The Cardiac Electrical Axis: ECG Criteria, Definition, Clinical Implications

…is constructed by superimposing the lead axes of the six frontal plane limb leads, dividing the plane into 12 segments, each subtending 30 degrees [3]…

Coronary Artery Disease

…disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…arrhythmias, conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these six parameters in detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…disease is part of the broader syndrome of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover…

Anthropometric measurements

…adult 1.6–2.0 m². Nutritional screening Unintentional weight loss 5 % over three months or 10 % over six months, a BMI < 20 in…

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