…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is…

…and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary…

…even though incidence and prognosis vary widely between patient groups and care settings [2]. Practical first actions Do the following in parallel, not sequentially: 1…

…and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the following immediately: 1. Call for help using the words massive haemorrhage …

…MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions like sepsis, trauma, and shock, where perfusion may be compromised. Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically…

…At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New ischaemic ECG changes Development of pathological Q…

…bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension…

…of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following patterns: Angina at rest, usually prolonged for more than 20 minutes. New…

…using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed promptly following needle decompression. Thoracostomy with drainage typically serves as a stabilizing…