…acute clinical use the following simplification can be used: Grade Clinical picture Management : : : Mild allergic reaction Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing and circulation Observation…

…output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is…

…a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy, medication and arrhythmia affect its interpretation. The shock index must never replace clinical…

…average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings, MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following reasons: Indicator…

… and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New…

…severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with or without left ventricular hypertrophy…

…necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…