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Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…more patients survive with severe, diffuse CAD that is no longer amenable to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…severe symptoms New confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of the symptoms is limited. In a patient with…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from symptom free presentation to persistent…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…than persistent obstruction of the treated epicardial segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized clinically by acute myocardial ischaemic symptoms or equivalent presentations together with persistent ST segment elevation…

Ivabradine: Indications, Dosing and Heart-Rate Targets

…with symptomatic HFrEF. The guideline defined population includes: LVEF ≤35%; sinus rhythm; resting heart rate ≥70 beats/min; persistent symptoms despite evidence based therapy with…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis of persistent ST segment elevation or an accepted equivalent in…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…adequate. For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…respond to medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with platelets <100 × 10⁹/L Renal insufficiency, with creatinine 1.1 mg/dL…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to…

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