Echocardiography The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are…

…a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which terminates spontaneously within 30 seconds [1] . While often asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of…

…rates of bystander CPR ( Figure 2 ). Bystander CPR was provided in approximately 30% of all cases of OHCA in 1990, as compared with 78% of…

…provided in the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of…

…a rehearsal is provided below. Management of acute STEMI is discussed in detail below. The clinical definitions and recommendations presented in this chapter are in…

…BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed…

…clinical diagnosis, often described as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of…

…target of less than 10 minutes from STEMI diagnosis to the fibrinolytic bolus. In suitable systems, pre hospital fibrinolysis is reasonable when it provides a…

…the start of the QRS complex. The PR segment reflects the time delay between atrial and ventricular activation. The PR segment also serves as the…

…of the QRS complex is called the PR segment and it reflects the slow impulse conduction through the atrioventricular node. The PR segment serves as…

…attributed to the pericardium: The pericardium serves as a barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction between the ventricles and surrounding structures of the mediastinum…

…of patients. Serious events such as stroke and myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0.1% in contemporary series…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

…Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate…

…arrests, the survival rate stands at 73% (Podsiadlo et al.). A significant majority of these patients exhibit satisfactory neurological function upon discharge. Figure 1 . Expected…

…rescue services), the emergency room, intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest…

…ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock…

…task of the health service is to give effect to the deceased person's wishes, not to persuade anyone. This article describes the process as…

…occur in one patient. The typical depiction of sudden cardiac death as a gradual transition from sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia (VT), to ventricular fibrillation…

…consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial effect Unfractionated heparin Protamine…

…by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick…

…can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing the severity of electrolyte disturbances…

…as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy. Instead, it serves as a tool to identify patients who may require more careful monitoring and management of…

…beat typically exhibits a longer QT interval, and the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic…

…be classified as cardiac , possibly cardiac , or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history…

…myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends…

…measure of luminal obstruction. Calcified plaque is generally less likely to rupture than non calcified, lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of…

…is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA is not a definitive disease…

…major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis on early angiography in high risk patients regardless of ECG findings. Thush, it serves as a valuable…

…increased risk of an adverse neurological outcome. In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an…

…in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the left ventricle serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of ischemia or infarction. This…

…forward. The frequency with which a rub is detected varies among clinical descriptions. It may be present intermittently during the illness and, in some series…

…periods of the atrium, atrioventricular (AV) node, His Purkinje system, and ventricle. It extends the A H interval, which serves as an index of AV…

…using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed promptly following needle decompression. Thoracostomy with drainage typically serves as a stabilizing…