…BLS) Chest compressions can be performed by anyone. If no bystander is trained in CPR, the emergency dispatcher will instruct the person via telephone (referred…

…than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target…

…The key steps in this process are outlined below. Image acquisition and evaluation Stress Imaging : Initially performed using exercise or pharmacologic agents to elevate myocardial…

…with potential tracheal deviation to the opposite side Distended jugular veins Management Decompression using a venous cannula Can be executed in a pre hospital setting…

…CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast…

…in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to keep the…

…bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding…

…an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not a diagnostic…

…as soon as possible, with a target of less than 10 minutes from STEMI diagnosis to the fibrinolytic bolus. In suitable systems, pre hospital fibrinolysis…

…or an accepted equivalent in the setting of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory…

…Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is commonly observed in victims of avalanche incidents. Typically, by the time emergency services arriv

…services), the emergency room, intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other…

…sensitivity in detecting STEMI, with one study reporting a sensitivity of 75%. Thus, 25% of STEMI cases are missed by the EMS. Specificity : The specificity…

…and the transplant service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the…

…true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused by VT…

…governed by the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other…

…effusion is detected randomly (for example, in CT, MRI, echocardiography). In other cases, the effusion is detected under more dramatic circumstances, as is the ca

…chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are discussed in the same sequential order that…

…Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within the intima…

…is calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as…

…carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in the…

…longer QT interval, and the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may…

…by diaphoresis, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, faintness, or belching. Radiation to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial infarction in the…

…approximately 0.5%, and major vascular complications approximately 1%. These figures illustrate the variation produced by differences in patient selection, procedural definitions, and institutional practice…

…the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other…

…HFpEF), defined by an LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases…

…presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by…

…Infarction (NOMI) was proposed by Smith and colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of…

…agents, including epinephrine—administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al.…

…from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and the ventricles…

…Dyspnoea may occur, particularly when the effusion is substantial or when haemodynamic consequences develop. In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of…

…Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug is excreted unchanged primarily by the kidneys…

…covered in this discussion (refer to Normal Rhythm and Arrhythmias). Also note that this chapter is accompanied by a comprehensive video lecture (Video lecture: The…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…